Separation of powers is a principle that divides a government into three distinct branches, each with its own responsibilities and independent authority: the legislative branch makes the laws, the executive branch enforces them, and the judicial branch interprets them.

Pakistan’s 78-year history is marked by recurring episodes of governance paralysis, institutional friction and weak systems of accountability. Given this context, is it time to radically reconsider the conventional model of separation of powers?

In theory, separation of powers is meant to ensure checks and balances. In practice, however, Pakistan’s experience has often been one of institutional infighting – between the judiciary and the executive, the judiciary and parliament, and the military and civilian authorities. This pattern, spanning 78 years, has repeatedly crippled decision-making, particularly during times of crisis – be it economic,........

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