By Monica Agoston, Ph.D., ABPP, and Naadira C. Upshaw, Psy.D., ABPP on behalf of the Atlanta Behavioral Health Advocates

Research into the trends of COVID-19 hospitalizations has revealed disproportionate levels of hospitalizations among Black and Hispanic populations (Pham et al., 2023). Recent studies have found similar disparities in children, with Black and Hispanic children being more likely to be hospitalized (Anglin et al., 2025). Notably, rates of previous trauma are higher in these populations (Pumariega et al., 2022), and being hospitalized can lead to additional trauma and negative psychological outcomes for children and their families (Meentken et al., 2021).

As pediatric psychologists practicing in a children’s hospital, we want to be mindful of the often lifesaving results of a hospitalization on health while balancing the potential negative impact of hospitalization on mental health. To do this, we have adapted a framework originally developed for the neonatal intensive care unit to protect infants from the traumatic effects of hospitalization (Coughlin, 2017). We hope this framework will reduce the likelihood of children experiencing trauma or being retraumatized from their hospitalization.

This framework outlines areas of resiliency that are applicable for patients of any age: a healing environment, protected sleep, pain and stress management, activities of daily living, and family collaborative care.

1. Healing environment

A healing environment for families is crucial in promoting

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