Naxalism, also known as the Naxalite movement, is a far-left radical communist movement that originated in 1967 in the village of Naxalbari, West Bengal, hence the name. The movement was initiated by a faction of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led by Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal. The movement over the years spread to other parts of India, particularly in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Telangana. Naxalism has aimed to overthrow the Indian government through armed struggle and establish a communist state. The movement has primarily been active in the rural and tribal areas, where socio-economic disparities are most pronounced. Key events in the history of Naxalism include the Srikakulam peasant uprising, the formation of the People’s War Group, and the merger of Naxalite factions to form the Communist Party of India (Maoist). Despite numerous government efforts to curb the movement, it continued to pose a significant challenge to India’s internal security.

Naxalism in India has been driven by a complex interplay of socio-economic, political, and cultural factors. Socio-economic factors include widespread poverty, landlessness, and lack of access to basic services such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure. Political factors include government policies that have failed to address the needs and aspirations of marginalized communities, leading to a sense of alienation and disenfranchisement. Corruption and inefficiency in the implementation of development programs have further exacerbated these issues. Cultural factors include the historical marginalization of tribal communities and their struggle for land rights and cultural autonomy. The Naxalite movement has capitalized on these grievances, positioning itself as a champion of the oppressed and advocating for radical socio-economic change.

Naxalism has had a profound impact on Indian society, economy, and politics. On the societal front, the movement has led to significant loss of life and displacement of communities, particularly in conflict-affected areas. Human rights violations by both Naxalites and security forces have been reported, leading to a climate of fear and insecurity. Economically, Naxalism has hindered development projects and economic activities in affected regions. Infrastructure projects such as roads, schools, and healthcare facilities have been targeted by Naxalites, disrupting development efforts. The movement has also deterred investment in these regions, further exacerbating poverty and underdevelopment. Politically, Naxalism has posed a challenge to the authority and legitimacy of the Indian state. The government’s response to Naxalism has included both military and developmental measures, but the effectiveness of these measures has been mixed. The movement has also influenced political discourse, with debates on issues such as land rights, tribal autonomy, and socio-economic justice gaining prominence.

The Indian government’s response to Naxalism has evolved over the........

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