India, a land of diverse cultures and traditions, has also been historically divided by an entrenched caste system that has dictated social hierarchy for centuries. Although the Indian Constitution guarantees equality and prohibits caste-based discrimination, its impact is still evident in various spheres of life. From social exclusion and economic disparities to political manipulation and violent atrocities, the caste system remains a deep-rooted challenge. This article delves into the historical background of caste, notable incidents of caste-based discrimination, challenges in eradicating this social evil, and how constitutional measures can help create a more equitable society.

• Historical Background

The caste system originated from the ancient varna system, which classified society into four broad categories: Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and traders), and Shudras (laborers and service providers). Over time, this evolved into a rigid hierarchical structure, leading to social inequalities and untouchability. The hierarchical system further divided into thousands of sub-castes, creating a deeply entrenched and discriminatory social order.

• Incidents

Despite numerous legal reforms, caste-based atrocities continue to occur in various forms across India. Some of the most infamous incidents include:

Khairlanji Massacre (2006) – A Dalit family in Maharashtra was brutally murdered by an upper-caste mob. The attack was sparked by caste-based resentment and a long-standing history of discrimination. The victims were not only murdered but also tortured, highlighting the extreme levels of caste hatred that still exist in rural India.

Dalit Groom’s Baraat Secured by Police : On 22 January 2025, a Dalit groom’s wedding procession in Rajasthan’s Ajmer district took place under heavy police protection after the bride’s family feared opposition from upper castes. Around 200 police personnel ensured the ceremony was incident-free as Vijay Regar rode a mare to Aruna Khorwal’s village. The family, determined to proceed despite concerns, sought support from activists and authorities, leading to police deployment.

Rohith Vemula Suicide (2016) – A Ph.D. scholar from Hyderabad Central University, Rohith Vemula, died by suicide due to alleged caste-based discrimination in academia. His death sparked nationwide protests, bringing attention to the subtle but deeply rooted caste prejudices that persist in educational institutions, affecting the........

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