CROSS-border terrorism (CBT) refers to terrorists crossing national boundaries to carry out attacks or using foreign territory for training, planning and launching operations. These activities are interlinked with illicit networks that finance terrorism, creating a broader ‘illegal spectrum of crime’. CBT between Pakistan and Afghanistan has been a complex issue. Historical grievances, regional instability, arrival and departure of superpowers, weak governance in Afghanistan and the presence of militant groups in border areas have complicated the scenario.

During the USSR’s military presence in Afghanistan, fighters resisting the Soviets were accorded the status of ‘mujahideen’; subsidiaries of those groups continue to operate. Militant outfits challenging peace in Pakistan were proscribed; to date, Pakistan has banned 82 organisations, many with roots across the border.

The proximity of tribal districts to Afghan provinces has heightened security challenges and harmed the peace index. Decades-long weak governance in the former Fata, hostile entities and ideological recruitment have hampered counterterrorism (CT) efforts. Despite financial constraints, Pakistan has fenced most of its border but faces persistent........

© Dawn