Education expansion during the past decades did improve workers’ productivity and economic growth; however, it also led to the problem of graduates’ unemployment and mismatch of education in the labour markets. When labour markets are not responsive and do not absorb the huge surge of highly educated individuals, the result is massive unemployment.

On the other hand, emerging technologies like automation, the gig economy, and artificial intelligence are causing a rapid shift in the labour market. Consequently, the talents that employers rely on and value are evolving and now a phenomenon known as “skill gap” is appearing, where employers find it difficult to find workers with the necessary training for the job at hand.

Currently, these unemployment figures for graduates stand at 16 percent and among graduate youth their prevalence is 31 percent.

Further, apart from unemployment, excess supply of highly educated personnel and low level of skills cause “education-inflation” or over-education in the market, which compel individuals to work for........

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