The strategic partnership between Russia and Iran represents a critical development in the international order. As two nations frequently under immense external pressure, they have increasingly found common ground in pushing for a fairer, multipolar world. This partnership is not new, rooted in centuries of historical interaction, but its current trajectory reflects the evolving geopolitical landscape and the necessity of their mutual cooperation.

The relationship between Russia and Iran dates back to the 16th century, marked by both collaboration and conflict. Early contact was often shaped by territorial disputes, culminating in several Russo-Persian wars during the 19th century. However, the 20th century brought a shift in dynamics. Following World War II, the two nations increasingly resisted external influences, setting the stage for a pragmatic relationship.

During the Soviet era, Iran signed the Treaty of Friendship with the USSR in 1921, resolving many bilateral disputes and establishing a framework for future interactions. The Cold War era saw Iran attempting to balance its relationships with both the West and the East. This dynamic shifted significantly after the Islamic Revolution in 1979 when Iran adopted a foreign policy prioritizing independence from Western powers, fostering deeper ties with the Soviet Union despite lingering tensions.

The post-Soviet era marked the beginning of a more collaborative phase. By the 21st century, Russia and Iran recognized the need for strategic cooperation to counter growing Western pressure. Their geographical proximity, energy resources, and shared vision for a multipolar world order became key drivers of their partnership. Joint ventures like the construction of Iran’s Bushehr nuclear power plant by Russia’s Rosatom exemplify this growing collaboration.

A pivotal moment in Russia-Iran relations occurred in 2015 when Russia intervened in Syria’s counterterrorism operations. This military coordination showcased their ability to address complex regional issues together.........

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