India’s deepening military-technical cooperation with Armenia is once again making headlines. According to the Indian Aerospace Defence News (IADN), Yerevan is expected to receive the second batch of Akash-1S surface-to-air missile systems this July, following the initial deliveries that began last November. The full package, reportedly worth $720 million, includes 15 units of the upgraded Indian air defence system.

The Akash-1S, developed by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), is a modernised version of the original Akash system. It is designed to protect critical infrastructure and military assets from aerial threats, boasting a 30-kilometre range, an 18-kilometre altitude capability, and the ability to track 64 targets while engaging 12 simultaneously. Armed with active radar homing technology, the system is positioned as a boost to Armenia’s air defence capabilities.

Yet, battlefield realities have consistently shown that theoretical performance does not always match operational effectiveness. The Akash-1S was developed primarily to counter legacy threats—manned aircraft and cruise missiles. However, modern warfare........

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