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Brig Naseem Akhtar RPakistan Observer |
AS Pakistan marks its Independence Day, 14 August should be more than a day of flags and celebration. It should also be a moment of honest reflection:...
For decades, scholars of intelligence and strategic studies have sought to explain why states continue to suffer strategic surprise despite investing...
Why distant wars no longer remain distant Every era of international politics tends to be shaped by a dominant strategic idea. During the Cold War,...
FOR centuries, national security was measured by the strength of armies, the sophistication of weapons and the ability to defend territorial borders....
IN a world of unpredictability, national strength depends not on eliminating uncertainty, but on managing it through intelligence, resilience and...
THE recent unrest in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) has exposed internal vulnerabilities that risk undermining Pakistan’s position in the broader...
In every conflict, there are two stories: the one that is told and the one that is lived. Wars are remembered for how they are fought, rarely for how...
ON a cold evening in the Valley, my maternal grandfather once traced a line across a worn map, not along a border, but across memory. “This is not...
FROM sword to hybrid warfare, conflict has transformed profoundly and with it, the soul of soldiering. Where battles were once fought on visible...
LONG before decisions are taken in war rooms or parliaments, they are quietly shaped by words on paper. Reports, headlines, policy briefs,...
FOR over four decades in military service and intelligence assignments, I witnessed conflict in its rawest and most complex forms, from the...
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