EXTREMISM and violence are not problems belonging to any single government, institution, political party or social class. They represent a challenge to the entire society—one that affects national security, the economy, education, social cohesion and the future of coming generations. When disagreement turns into hostility, political or religious affiliation becomes a source of hatred and protest descends into violence. A culture of intolerance begins to take root. Over time, such an environment erodes public trust and weakens the relationship between citizens and the state. The roots of extremism extend beyond terrorist organizations and armed groups. Intolerance can also find expression within political and social spaces, giving the problem multiple dimensions—political, economic, educational, social and psychological. Poverty and unemployment can make some young people more vulnerable to extremist recruitment. Weak educational systems, a lack of critical thinking, misinformation and hateful content on social media further complicate the challenge. Political intolerance, sectarian and religious prejudice, weak enforcement of the law and perceived social injustices can create an environment in which extremist narratives find an audience.

Dialogue has an important place in resolving political differences and political parties should continue to engage with one another through constitutional and democratic means. The challenge is........

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