The people of Jammu and Kashmir have a long history of resistance against foreign domination, political subjugation and perceived denial of their political rights. Throughout different historical periods, they have demonstrated resilience and commitment to safeguarding their identity, dignity and aspirations. Central to this struggle has been the demand for self-determination, a principle that continues to shape political discourse on Kashmir at regional and international levels. The organized resistance of Kashmiris against Dogra Rule gained momentum during the early 20th Century. Although dissatisfaction with political and socio-economic conditions had existed for decades, public resistance largely remained limited until 1931. The events of 13 July 1931 marked a significant turning point in Kashmir’s political history. The day is commemorated by many Kashmiris as Yaum-e-Shuhada-e-Kashmir (Martyrs’ Day) and is regarded as a symbol of sacrifice and collective resistance. According to historical accounts, thousands of people gathered outside Srinagar Central Jail during the trial of Abdul Qadeer Khan, who had criticized policies of the Dogra Administration. During the gathering, as the time for prayer approached, a young Kashmiri reportedly began the Azan. Dogra forces opened fire and successive individuals who attempted to complete the call to prayer were also shot. The incident resulted in the deaths of twenty-two........

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