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Since the Constitution came into existence, India has experienced a persistent crisis of democracy, irrespective of the political parties in power. One of the deepest structural causes of this crisis is the caste system, historically rooted in the Hindu social milieu, which continues to shape social relations and access to power. 

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s effort to bring justice, liberty, equality and fraternity into the constitution is diametrically opposite to the caste system. The Constitution is an excellent document that could function as a hand book for an elite society. Unfortunately, Hindu India was not prepared to accept the logistics of democracy and undo the inequality built into the caste system. Shudras and Dalits were  prohibited from acquiring land, wealth, and education as per Hindu shastras. Therefore, the Constitution did not matter much to their lives. 

The fundamental rights surely gave rights to the oppressed. Article 14 guarantees equality before law. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Article 16 ensures equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. These rights, read together with the preamble and the directive principles of state policy, provide a vision of a society free from exploitation and upholding the dignity of every human being. 

Democracy beyond elections

India is frequently celebrated as the world’s largest democracy. Since Independence, it has sustained universal adult franchise, periodic elections, peaceful transfers of power within a constitutional framework. These achievements are no less important in a nation marked by immense linguistic, religious and cultural diversity.

Yet, democracy cannot be reduced to elections. Electoral competition is only one dimension of democratic life. Democracy becomes meaningful only when citizens enjoy equal opportunities to participate in public life and influence collective decisions. The distinction between procedural democracy and substantive democracy is therefore crucial. Procedural democracy ensures the right to vote; substantive democracy ensures that every citizen possesses equal dignity, equal opportunity, and equal access to justice. The crisis of Indian democracy emerges precisely from the widening gap between these two ideals.

Ambedkar and the democratic revolution

India became a republic on January 26, 1950. The written Constitution was adapted and at the implementation level, all the coveted posts were occupied by the privileged caste people. Ambedkar had expressed deep apprehension that political independence, without social transformation, could leave entrenched caste hierarchies substantially intact. 

Periyar E. V. Ramaswamy said that ‘After India was freed from British rule power was transferred into the hands of Brahmins’. Ambedkar’s campaign for the annihilation of caste did not achieve its intended result. It was his biggest disappointment. By that time, the Shudras, who were in the majority, had acquired some lands and properties and also indulged in some small-scale trading. The Vysyas, being less in number, had parted with their customs to dis-burden themselves. There were agitations and movements by members of the Shudra community in some pockets of the country. But the Dalits, the so-called untouchables, were left in the lurch. Their status quo remained as such intact. 

Brahmins and members of the dominant caste held power, both at the union and state levels, across the key institutions – the legislature, executive, judiciary and the media. 

The educational exclusion of Dalits and many other historically disadvantaged communities severely restricted their access to positions of power. The Constitution was limited only to procedural conduct of elections. The rest, like selection of candidates, voting pattern, allocating ministerial berths, all depended on the wishes of the dominant caste and continues to be the case till this day. 

The most important democratic achievement of the Constitution, in my view, was universal adult franchise – the principle of one person, one vote and one value – to which Ambedkar was deeply........

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