A person sits down to read an article on a smartphone. Before the first paragraph is finished, a notification appears. A message is checked. One social-media application is opened. A short video plays automatically. A news headline catches the eye. Then an advertisement appears. An hour later, the original article remains unfinished. This seemingly ordinary experience captures one of the defining economic realities of the digital age: our attention has become a commodity. We often say that information is the new currency. But information is abundant and increasingly inexpensive. What is scarce is the human capacity to notice, process and remember it.

In a world overflowing with content, the most valuable resource may therefore be the limited number of hours during which human beings can pay attention. The term “attention economy” describes an environment in which human attention is treated as a scarce resource that businesses compete to capture and monetise. Traditional businesses generally sold products or services. Digital platforms often operate differently. Many provide services to users at little or no direct monetary cost while generating revenue through advertising, subscriptions, data-driven targeting or commercial transactions. In such a system, attracting and retaining attention becomes enormously important.

The longer a user remains on a platform, the more opportunities exist to display advertisements, recommend content or encourage further engagement. A user’s attention therefore has economic value even when the user is not directly paying for the service. This helps explain why digital platforms are filled with notifications, recommendations, autoplay videos, personalised feeds and endless scrolling. These features are not accidental. They are designed to reduce friction between one piece of content and the next. The competition for attention is not new. Newspapers have long used headlines to attract readers. Radio and television developed formats designed to retain audiences between advertisements.

Magazines used photographs, cover stories and sensational headlines to encourage purchases. What has changed in the digital age is the scale, speed and personalisation of the competition. A newspaper has a limited front page. A television channel has a fixed schedule. A digital platform can offer every user a constantly changing stream tailored to individual behaviour. Algorithms can observe what people click, watch, ignore, share or revisit. They can then use those signals to predict what might attract attention next. The result is an........

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