International experts reject the simplistic explanation that National/military disasters are merely the product of individual incompetence or "operator error". Instead, they argue that such catastrophes are systemic, highlighting the place of National/military misfortune at the individual, organisational, and national-political levels. While history often looks for a general to blame (e.g., General Hamilton at Gallipoli or General Gamelin in France), focusing solely on the individual obscures deeper systemic issues. Individuals within political and military hierarchies do not operate in a vacuum; they are constrained by cognitive biases, institutional groupthink, and established mental paradigms. Therefore, even competent leaders are frequently trapped, blinded, or paralysed by the party/organisational machinery and information flows surrounding them; routine reliance on individual brilliance is a flawed safety strategy.

At the National-Political Level, it needs no elaboration that Political parties as well as Military organisations do not exist in a political vacuum; they are tools of national policy. The national-political level shapes the overarching environment in which military institutions function. National/Military misfortune often stems from a disconnect between political leadership and military establishments. If civilian leaders fail to provide clear strategic direction, or if military leaders fail to communicate operational limitations to civilian authorities, systemic failure follows. National........

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