You forget a load in the machine overnight, and by the morning it smells worse than before you washed it.

Most of us are familiar with that “wet dishcloth” smell. Worse, once it’s settled into your clothes, it can be difficult to get rid of.

So what’s going on, and how to fix it? The answers lie both with biology and with textile science, which helps explain why some fabrics are worse affected than others.

The hidden living things in the water

Damp fabric at room temperature is close to an ideal microbial habitat. They have warmth, moisture and abundant food in the form of skin cells, sebum (skin oil) and sweat residues that may survive a normal wash cycle.

The bacterium most responsible for the “wet rag” smell is called Moraxella osloensis. A Japanese study in 2021 traced the smell to a compound this bacterium produces.

It also found the species tolerates drying and ultraviolet exposure unusually well – more proof that bacteria can indeed survive the wash and start thriving in a wet load that hasn’t been promptly hung out.

It isn’t only the clothes that harbour microbes, either. A 2025 study found household washing machines themselves host persistent microbial biofilms (colonies that........

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