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Technology has promised to kill jobs for a century. Reality is more complicated

Each new wave of technology has sparked job-loss fears for different reasons. The initial shock wears off over time as jobs return in new forms

Ulrich Baumgarten via Getty Images

AI executives who months ago warned that their own technology would displace millions of workers are now walking those predictions back. The reversal happened in under a year. Dire forecasts of mass unemployment gave way to reassurance about augmentation, retraining, and new categories of work.

The speed of the pivot feels unprecedented, but the playbook behind it is nearly a century old. Every major technology wave since electrification — from factory automation in the 1960s to the early internet and offshoring of the 2000s — produced the same cycle of alarm and retreat. Industry leaders amplified displacement fears, public backlash threatened adoption, and leaders reversed course with organized reassurance.

New jobs materialized, and economies adapted. But the transition played out over decades. Jobs came back in different forms, and economic gains flowed to shareholders and higher-skilled workers while the displaced waited for retraining programs that never quite kept pace.

The electrification script and its organized backlash

In 1929, at the peak of a decade-long industrial boom, a committee chaired by Herbert Hoover published a landmark report through the National Bureau of Economic Research that named the problem "technological unemployment." The Report of the Committee on Recent Economic Changes acknowledged that electrification and mechanization were displacing factory workers but offered reassurance, noting that newly expanded service industries had absorbed the displaced and that "the acceleration of technological shifts in production and consumption would have resulted in much more serious unemployment if workers had not been absorbed in the newly expanded service industries."

Then the Depression hit, driving unemployment to historic levels. All the while, the machines kept running. By 1937, factories had almost matched their 1929 output, but with a smaller workforce. Some 20% more jobs would've been........

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