“When the people fear the government, there is tyranny. When the government fears the people, there is liberty” — Thomas Jefferson

VÁCLAV Havel (1936-2011) has been described as a “Czech statesman, author, poet, playwright and dissident”. He was Czechoslovakia’s last president from 1989 until its dissolution on Dec 31, 1992. After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 and suppression of the Prague Spring he became one the leading dissidents against communist rule for which he was persecuted and imprisoned.

In 1978, Havel wrote an essay on power, resistance, and moral responsibility — ‘The Power of the Powerless’. Written under the repressive communist regime, the essay was not merely a critique of authoritarianism; it was a profound thought piece on how ordinary people sustain — or can dismantle — systems of control. Half a century later, its message resonates far beyond its original context, offering important lessons for societies grappling with various forms of repression. Havel’s central argument was simple: authoritarian systems do not rely solely on brute force. They persist because ordinary people, often out of fear, expediency or resignation, participate in maintaining a “culture of lies”. The true power of such systems lies not only in the state but in the compliance of the governed. Conversely, the greatest threat to these systems is not armed rebellion, but the quiet, persistent refusal of individuals to live within those lies.

Havel used the metaphor of a greengrocer who places a political slogan in his shop window — not because he believes in it, but because it is expected. This small, seemingly insignificant act is, in........

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