The United States recently celebrated its Independence Day on July 4. Nearly 250 years ago, in 1776, the thirteen American colonies declared their independence from the British Empire. At the time, the American leadership adopted a historic document, i.e. the Declaration of Independence, whose central message was remarkably revolutionary for its era. In the decades that followed, its principles influenced constitutional and democratic systems across the world, including Pakistan. It proclaimed that all human beings are created equal; that they possess the right to liberty and to pursue happiness, and that the true source of governmental authority lies with the people. These principles later provided the intellectual foundation for civil rights movements, the abolition of slavery, and struggles for equality.

Over the past two and a half centuries, the United States has faced internal divisions, economic hardships, and political crises. Its history has also been marked by numerous wars. Yet throughout these challenges, America consistently placed institutions above individuals. Whether in drafting its Constitution, establishing the separation of powers, safeguarding judicial independence, conducting regular elections, or protecting the rights of those living on American soil, the consistent implementation of these principles gradually strengthened the state.

One may admire or criticise the United States, agree or disagree with its global role and foreign policies, but one fact remains undeniable: after nearly 250 years, America stands among the world’s leading economic powers.

One may admire or criticise the United States, agree or disagree with its global role and foreign policies, but one fact remains undeniable: after nearly 250 years, America stands among the world’s leading economic powers.

One may admire or criticise the United States, agree or disagree with its global role and foreign policies, but one fact remains undeniable: after nearly 250 years, America stands among the world’s leading economic powers. Whether in education and research, science and........

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