Photograph by Nathaniel St. Clair

In 2025, Black America needed about 1.8 million more people working to have the same employment rates (employment-to-population ratios) as White America (Table 1). This Black jobs deficit cost Black America about $87 billion in lost income.

Black people face higher rates of joblessness because of racial discrimination in the labor market. Researchers continue to find strong evidence of anti-Black bias in hiring. Even among the formerly incarcerated, White individuals are more likely to find employment than Black individuals. Persistent racial discrimination in the labor market can lead Black individuals to........

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