Foreign Policy > China

Xi’s Appeasement Trap

Peace through strength deters war, appeasement invites war, and letting an enemy build up unmolested makes wars longer, costs higher, and risks greater.

William R. Hawkins | May 19, 2026

Xi Jinping holds the titles of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Chairman of the Central Military Commission, President of China, and Core Leader of the CCP. President Donald Trump used the title "President" when meeting with Xi last week, but in reality, his CCP tittles are what matter. Xi’s title as Core Leader elevates him to dictatorial power on a scale held previously only by Mao Zedong.

The pomp and circumstance shown to President Trump was an obvious play to the American’s ego, but also a display of Great Power status on a par with, if not better than, the United States. Chinese state media, academics, and officials have long promoted narratives declaring the “rise of the East and decline of the West” and that “the Chinese model is more effective, more competitive, and superior to the American model.” Xi, in a not very subtle way, asked Trump if he had read Harvard professor Graham Allison's 2017 book Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides Trap? This was widely reported as an effort by Xi to promote peaceful relations, but such a view is not supported by the contents of the book and why Xi likes it.

Allison's argument is that too many wars, starting with the conflict between Athens and Sparta described by the ancient historian Thucydides, have been the result of an established power (like America today) trying to resist a rising power like China. The status quo power is cast as the aggressor. So, it is better to accommodate the challenger to keep the peace. This will take "huge, painful adjustments in attitudes and actions" writes Allison, including accepting that America is doomed to fall to second place behind China. It is better to lose without a fight is his decadent advice.

The passage that Xi most likes is when Allison argues that resisting China's rise is not even possible anyway because "China has already passed the United States" in economic strength and military potential.

Yet, Allison’s own historical examples show just the opposite of his preconceived conclusion if you instead start with the record. In each of his twelve examples of........

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