In today’s international system, one reality is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore: security has returned to the center of global decision-making. For much of the post–Cold War era, states prioritized economic growth, globalization, and cooperation. Markets expanded, trade deepened, and diplomacy often focused on integration rather than confrontation. But the resurgence of major conflicts most notably the Russia–Ukraine War and escalating tensions across the Middle East has fundamentally altered that trajectory.

Governments are now recalibrating their priorities. Economic policy is no longer just about efficiency and growth; it is about resilience, protection, and strategic survival. Foreign policy, once shaped by diplomacy and economic partnerships, is increasingly driven by military realities and security concerns.

The Return of Hard Power

For decades, many policymakers believed that economic interdependence would reduce the likelihood of war. However, recent events have demonstrated that hard power military strength and strategic deterrence remains decisive. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization has expanded its defense posture, while countries across Europe and Asia have significantly increased military spending.

This shift is not limited to traditional military powers. Even smaller and middle-income states are investing in defense capabilities, border security, and intelligence systems. The logic is clear: in an unpredictable world, vulnerability carries a higher cost than ever before.

As a result, foreign policy doctrines are evolving. Diplomacy is still important, but it is increasingly backed by........

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