Modern warfare is no longer simply troops and missiles. It seems most decisive battles now take place on the screens of our computers and handheld technology.

Since the Hamas attacks of 7 October 2023, Israel and Jews throughout the world have faced a relentless digital campaign designed to reshape global public opinion. Intelligence estimates put the direct annual cost of funding what is ultimately propaganda and misinformation at between £450 million and £1 billion. However, focusing solely on the cash spent misses another true danger.

The real threat lies in its extraordinary leverage.

Through online outrage, hostile states, militant groups and antisemites turn modest initial outlays into a global propaganda machine worth an estimated £8 billion to £22 billion in exposure. They do not need to buy global public opinion outright. They just need to light the match.

The mechanics behind this cognitive assault are strikingly simple. Hostile actors, including Iranian and Russian state-linked entities alongside militant media arms, and........

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