The rapidity and severity of climate change has, over the years, assumed ominous proportions due to irresponsible and climate-insensitive anthropogenic interventions, especially by the industrialised countries. The disproportional rate of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and the consequent exorbitant rise in the global temperature have led to intense changes in weather patterns, out of season torrential rainfalls, devastating floods, recurrent droughts and unprecedented deglaciation. The enormity of crisis is self-evident from the hefty toll and existential threat being posed to the vast variety of bio-life on planet earth and its entire ecosystem.

The global temperature in post-1985 period has risen at an alarming rate from 0.4°C to more than 1.5°C above the pre-industrial average in 2024 - the hottest year in the recorded history with no indication of this trend abating. Globally, the climate change related events have inflicted around $162 billion losses by the first half of 2025. Pakistan, being the most climate-vulnerable country in the world (Climate Risk Index 2025) has recurrently endured the ferocity of climate change induced torrential rains and devastating floods. According to the 19 September report of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), around 1,006 people and 6,509 livestock have been killed while around 12,569 houses, 239 bridges and 1981 kilometers of roads have been destroyed by the heavy floods. Over 2.2 million hectares of cropland mostly in Punjab has been inundated damaging about 50% of rice and 60% of cotton and maize crops. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian........

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