Groundwater availability in Pakistan has declined at a rate even higher than previously projected by most experts. The clearest indicator of this crisis is the alarming plunge in per capita water availability, which was over 5,000 cubic metres in 1947 but is under 1,000 cubic metres today. This transition from being water-stressed to water-scarce marks a critical threat to the nation's food security, economic stability and public health.

Pakistan is the world's fourth-largest user of groundwater, extracting about 65........

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