In the Brazilian Amazon, water is not simply a natural resource. For many rural communities, it shapes mobility, livelihoods, food systems, and everyday life. In the Amazon River delta, the Marajó Archipelago – the world’s largest fluvio-marine archipelago – rivers, floodplains, and wetlands are deeply intertwined with the ways people inhabit and experience the territory. Yet, despite living in one of the most water-abundant regions on Earth, thousands of families still lack access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

This paradox is not simply a consequence of environmental conditions. It reflects political choices about infrastructure, territorial investment, and water governance.

Abundance of water, lack of infrastructure

This contradiction reflects a broader structural problem in the Brazilian Amazon.

Although northern Brazil holds a significant share of the country’s freshwater resources, around 6.5 million people in the region still lack access to treated water. At the same time, nearly 15 million live without sewage collection services.

In Pará – the state where Marajó is located, sanitation indicators are among the

worst in Brazil. Data from Brazil’s National Sanitation Information System (SNIS) show that less than 10% of the state’s population is connected to sewage systems.

Across many rural communities in the archipelago, families still rely on shallow wells, improvised rainwater storage systems, or untreated river water for daily consumption.

The problem extends far beyond water scarcity. It is shaped by unequal access to clean drinking water, chronic sanitation deficits, and competing claims over how water resources are used and governed. While traditional communities have historically faced limited public investment in water and sanitation infrastructure, water-intensive economic activities – such as the expansion of irrigated rice farming in the grassland areas of Marajó – continue to advance across the territory, deepening disputes over who has the right to water.

Sanitation, territorial inequality, and rural communities

In the Amazon, water insecurity is shaped less by the absence of water than by the absence of infrastructure capable of capturing, treating and distributing it safely. This challenge is particularly acute in rural and riverine territories, where sanitation systems remain limited and public investment has historically been concentrated in urban centres.

Approximately 42.6% of the population in northern Brazil lacks access to safe drinking water, despite the region concentrating most of the country’s freshwater........

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