He is pursuing a BS in International Relations programme from International Islamic University, Islamabad and has a keen interest in research works, policy analysis, defence and strategic studies and conflict resolution.

Following the alleged terrorist attack at Pahalgam hill station in Indian Occupied Jammu and  Kashmir, India blatantly blamed Pakistan for its execution, claiming that the attack was conducted by Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) from Pakistani soil. In retaliation for this attack, the Indian administration started taking diplomatic and strategic steps against Pakistan using economic and political tools.  The foremost of it was the suspension of the Indus Water Treaty, which was brokered by the World Bank in 1960. The government of Pakistan responded in a tit-for-tat manner, suspending the Simla  Agreement of the 1970s.

Both states started preparations against each other, with India projecting offensive realism while Pakistan maintaining its status of defensive realism. 

The Indian Army is currently following its Land Warfare Doctrine (LWD) – an offshoot of its Cold Start doctrine launched in 2018. This doctrine mainly focuses on the Indian Army’s threat perception and possible response in limited war scenarios. This doctrine works under the principle of ‘Nuclear Overhang’, which states that two nuclear-powered states could flex their muscles in a limited, conventional war mode under the nuclear umbrella, not exceeding the nuclear threshold. 

A significant feature of this doctrine is the establishment of Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs), which are self-sufficient, agile, and flexible fighting units. These IBGs are designed for rapid mobilization and quick responses to emerging threats. The focus is on offensive, defensive, and  punitive strikes without dragging into prolonged warfare. This doctrine highly emphasized the importance of joint operations between the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force.  

India has conducted various operations against Pakistan from 1948 to the present. These operations are a part of Indian military doctrines, executing covert and overt missions........

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