Rwanda is one of the most landlocked, resource-scarce, post-conflict environments on earth — yet it has delivered an average of 8 percent real GDP growth a year from 2000 to 2024.

GDP per capita has risen from $220 to $3,100. And, exports have surged from $69 million to $3.1 billion.

Three secrets to Rwanda’s success: One – Extreme centralisation of decision-making with fast execution. Two – Zero-tolerance anti-corruption policy. Three – Rwanda is a security-first polity where the military is not an external institution but the core operating system of the state.

Rwanda does not maintain a Western-style separation between civilian bureaucracy and military command. Instead, it uses civil–military fusion – in a disciplined, rules-bound manner. Rwanda has manufactured a bureaucracy that behaves like a command-and-control system with rapid execution.

Pakistan does not lack power; it lacks direction. Pakistan’s crisis is not capacity but........

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