The ongoing trials in Baku involving individuals of Armenian nationals, accused of a range of crimes including anti-state subversion, terrorism financing, terrorism, violence, and other criminal activities in Garabagh, have begun to deeply unsettle a wide array of political figures—both within Armenia and the international Armenian diaspora. These hearings have attracted the attention of Armenian officials, lobbyists, and former political figures, raising alarm about the growing scrutiny of Armenia’s actions in the region.

Most notably, recent statements by Armenian Foreign Minister Ararat Mirzoyan at the United Nations in Geneva, where he attempted to deflect attention from Armenia’s involvement in alleged war crimes, have added fuel to an already charged atmosphere.

But let’s focus on the core issue at hand, which remains surprisingly elusive. There is growing frustration among readers and observers alike about the convoluted nature of what should be a straightforward matter. Why complicate what should be a clear-cut question? The primary question is this: Whose legitimate territory is Garabagh, and who were the unlawful actors operating there up until September 2023?

When the November 10, 2020, ceasefire agreement was signed between Armenia and Azerbaijan, brokered by Russia, it explicitly called for all Armenian forces to withdraw from Garabagh where separatist elements were yet persistent. Armenia, having lost the war, accepted this reality. Yet, even after three years, Armenia continues to support the........

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